Writing Crime Fiction: How Visiting High Crime Neighborhood Effects People

"A very short visit to (a high crime) neighborhood appeared to have much the same effects on trust and paranoia as long-term residence there."

In real life, members of the police such as detectives and other people who visit high crime neighborhoods on a regular basis seem more cynical and even a little paranoid compared to those of us who rarely enter the seedier parts of our cities, a fact mirrored in fiction and film.

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Now research in the UK demonstrates that anyone spending as little as 45 minutes in a high-crime, deprived neighborhood has measurable effects on people's trust in others and their feelings of paranoia.  If anyone's attitudes can change with as little as 45 minutes exposure, then the effect on regular visitors will be greater.

Researchers in the UK studied two neighborhoods of the same city only a few kilometres apart, one economically deprived and relatively high in crime, and the other affluent and relatively low in crime. They initially surveyed the residents and found that the residents of the high-crime neighborhood reported lower feelings of social trust and higher feelings of paranoia than the residents of the other neighborhood. Then, in an effort to understand how these feelings had come to exist, they enrolled over 50 student volunteers (who were not from either neighborhood) and bussed them to one or other neighborhood at random. The volunteers, who did not know the purpose of the study, spent up to 45 minutes walking the streets and delivering envelopes to houses. Afterwards, the volunteers were also surveyed about their feelings of social trust and paranoia. Those sent to the disorderly neighborhood reported lower trust and higher paranoia than those sent to the affluent neighborhood. Moreover, even after such a brief visit, the visitors to a neighborhood had become indistinguishable from the residents of that neighborhood in terms of their levels of trust and paranoia. (Emphasis, mine).

It was already known that living in a deprived area is associated with poorer mental health and a less trusting outlook. However, the previous correlational studies had not been able to establish causality: do people become less trusting as a response to the deprivation that surrounds them, or do people who were less trusting to start with tend to reside in more deprived areas? It was to try to address this question that the researchers came up with their random 'busing' experiment. Since the volunteers were assigned to the neighborhood at random, any differences in their attitudes after the visit would reflect the psychological effects of the experiences they had just had.

"We weren't surprised that the residents of our high-crime neighborhood were relatively low in trust and high in paranoia," says lead researcher Daniel Nettle of Newcastle University. "That makes sense. What did surprise us though was that a very short visit to the neighborhood appeared to have much the same effects on trust and paranoia as long-term residence there."

The results suggest that people respond in real time to the sights and sounds of a neighborhood -- for example, broken windows, graffiti, litter, and razor-wire on houses -- and that they use these cues to update their attitudes concerning how other people will behave. "It's a striking illustration of the extent to which our attitudes and our feelings are malleable and are powerfully influenced by the social environment that surrounds us on a day-to-day basis. Policy-makers, urban planners, and citizens need to remember this. Improving the quality and security of the urban environment is not just a cosmetic luxury; it could have profound knock-on effects for city-dwellers' social relationships and mental health."
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Story Source: Daniel Nettle, Gillian V. Pepper, Ruth Jobling, Kari Britt Schroeder. Being there: a brief visit to a neighbourhood induces the social attitudes of that neighbourhood. PeerJ, 2014

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