The Killing Advantage of Stone-tipped Spears

Credit: Jayne Wilkins, Benjamin Schoville, Kyle Brown.
Spears were carefully constructed for controlled experiments to determine

why our ancestors invested so much time in making stone spear points when
they stab no deeper than a sharpened and hardened wooden tip.

Writing believable fiction requires having your background facts straight and developing a basic understanding of how they lived and why they did they things the did to survive.  

 If your character in a pre-history novel lives in a hunter-gatherer society, you know that these people didn't do anything unless is paid an immediate reward.  For thousands of years our ancestors did quite well hunting even the largest animals with sharpened, fire-hardened spear points.  Rarely did they kill an animal with one direct thrust.  Usually, after wounding an animal, hunters would track it while it bled out, weakening it until it either collapsed and died or they could swoop in for the finish.

 Hunting and gathering is time consuming, leaving little time to develop and try an untested technology such as manufacturing stone or flint blades before the time-consuming process of attaching it to a spear.  There had to be pay an advantage that paid immediate dividends.

 Not only did a stone technology require a time and energy investment, any but the most basic technologies require a higher level of social structure that allowed group members to experiment and develop the skills to do this work.  

 Here is a report out of Arizona State University that explains, at least in part, why our ancestors invested in this stone technology.


Stone-tipped spears lethal, may 
indicate early cognitive and social skills

Attaching a stone tip on to a wooden spear shaft was a significant innovation for early modern humans living around 500,000 years ago.

However, it was also a costly behavior in terms of time and effort to collect, prepare and assemble the spear. Stone tips break more frequently than wooden spears, requiring more frequent replacement and upkeep, and the fragility of a broken point could necessitate multiple thrusts to an angry animal. So, why did early hunters begin to use stone-tipped spears?

To learn if there was a "wounding" advantage between using a wooden spear or a stone-tipped spear, ASU postdoctoral researcher Jayne Wilkins, doctoral student Benjamin Schoville and coauthor Kyle Brown from the University of Cape Town, conducted controlled experiments using tipped and untipped spear replications using a calibrated crossbow and ballistics gelatin.

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The experiments looked at the size and shape of the "wound," penetration depth and damage done by extraction of the spear. Wilkins and Schoville are affiliated with the Institute of Human Origins, a research center of the ASU College of Liberal Arts and Sciences in the School of Human Evolution and Social Change.

Their experiments found that although tipped spears did not penetrate deeper than the un-tipped spears as is commonly thought, the tipped spears create wider wound cavities. These wider wound cavities would have caused more debilitating tissue damage to internal organs of animals, making hunts more successful. This is one explanation for an evolutionary advantage for tipped a spear with a stone, an innovation that may have significantly impacted the evolution of human life-history.

"Putting a fragile stone tip on a spear is risky," said Schoville, "but we show that there are serious rewards in terms of both the size and shape of the wound created that made this innovation extremely worthwhile during our evolution."

The authors also posit that the manufacture of the stone-tipped spears may represent the origin of new cognitive and social development in our human ancestors. Working memory (the ability to hold attention to multiple tasks in order to collect, prepare and combine different kinds of raw materials into a weapon), and constructive memory (the ability to imagine and plan for future tasks), were mental capacities required for tipped spear construction.

In addition, since a stone-tipped spear is a skill likely to have been learned by being passed from generation to generation through social or group learning, stone-tipped technology is evidence of the evolutionary impact of "cumulative culture."

The flip side of this greater human cooperation is where groups and individuals are more likely to cooperate when others have very lethal weapons -- a situation still in play today.

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Story Source: Materials provided by Arizona State University.Jayne Wilkins, Benjamin J. Schoville, Kyle S. Brown. An Experimental Investigation of the Functional Hypothesis and Evolutionary Advantage of Stone-Tipped Spears. PLoS ONE, 2014

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